Criminal Justice System Serves As America s Backbone Of...

he Criminal Justice System serves as America’s backbone of the police force. When a crime is committed there are certain steps that must be taken in order to either prove innocence or guilt of the suspect or suspects. Some of these procedures may differ by state. The first part of this process requires that a crime is committed. Either a witness must notify the police by dialing 911, or the officer must witness the crime in person for the investigation process to begin, if the crime is not reported, there is no investigation to take place. After the crime is first reported, the law enforcement officers must open an investigation. Within the investigation, witnesses must be interviewed separately by police, along with the victims, and suspects. Crime scene technicians should also be contacted to collect any type of evidence from DNA, fingerprints, and blood samples. After possible incriminating evidence is collected, it must be sent back to the lab for testing. After opening an investigation if there is evidence that proves beyond a reasonable doubt that a crime has been committed, the officer must then obtain an arrest warrant from the prosecuting attorney. A officer may make an arrest without a warrant if it is believed a crime has been committed beyond a reasonable doubt, this is also known as probable cause. The arresting officer must later submit a request to the prosecuting attorney for an arrest warrant. If the prosecuting attorney believes a crimeShow MoreRelatedProblems Facing The Criminal Justice System Essay2455 Words   |  10 Pages Problems And Solutions In Criminal Justice The problems surrounding the criminal justice system range from a variety of issues in different areas of the system. But i believe they are all connected back to a societal problem, that has to do with a outdated philosophical notion â€Å"redemptive violence†. I will break down each aspect, which i find most troubling. I will cover problems between policing and peacekeeping, corrections options, and the issue of redemptive violence which is a major issueRead MoreDispute Systems Design : U.s. Military Special Victims3828 Words   |  16 PagesMatthew Katz May 7, 2015 Dispute Systems Design - U.S. Military Special Victims Counsel Life in the military is quite unlike that in the civilian world. Some of the experiences of military personnel, particularly combat deployments, exemplify those differences. Other experiences are regrettably common between the two. Soldiers, Sailors, Airmen, and Marines face the same risks of criminal behavior by their colleagues as civilians do, including the risk of sexual assault. Between 2013 and 2015,Read MoreWilliam Bratton and the Nypd12122 Words   |  49 Pagesthrough Middle Management Reform Andrea R. Nagy1 Joel Podolny2 William Bratton, commissioner of the New York Police Department from 1994 to 1996, presided over a dramatic decline in the city’s crime rate. Hired by Mayor Rudolph Giuliani as part of a new crime fighting initiative, Bratton embraced the â€Å"broken windows† theory that had made him so successful as chief of the city’s transit police. According to this theory, when a community ignores small offenses such as a broken window on a parked carRead MoreLabor Unions and Management Essay examples3384 Words   |  14 PagesA labor union is an organization of employed workers that formed to undertake collective bargaining with employers and to try to achieve improved working conditions for its members. Labor Unions go back all the way to the development of America. Starting when the pilgrims landed on Plymouth Rock in 1620, several of the pilgrims were craftsmen. These were considered primitive unions, or guilds of not just carpenters but also cabinet makers, cordwainers and cobblers made their appearance as wellRead MoreWhy Is It The Interest Of United Law?3517 Words   |  15 Pageswhat IL is and to point out likely reasons why it is in a state interest to obey IL. This essay is drawn largely from work written by various scholars at different times to draw my conclusion INTRODUCTION: All states in the contemporary international system, both great and small, are compelled to justify their behaviour according to an international legal framework. Although Goldsmith Posner (2005:4) contended that due to the fact that most academic work on International Law has been written by LawRead MoreWhy Is It The Interest Of United Law?3517 Words   |  15 Pageswhat IL is and to point out likely reasons why it is in a state interest to obey IL. This essay is drawn largely from work written by various scholars at different times to draw my conclusion INTRODUCTION: All states in the contemporary international system, both great and small, are compelled to justify their behaviour according to an international legal framework. Although Goldsmith Posner (2005:4) contended that due to the fact that most academic work on International Law has been written by LawRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 PagesCHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional Modes of Conduct 23 CHAPTER 6: The Laws of War and Neutrality 24 CHAPTER 7: War Crimes and Nuremberg PrincipleRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 PagesSchiebe. Theme: african agriculture African agriculture and the World Bank: Development or impoverishment? Summary by Atakilte Beyene, researcher at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences African smallholder family farming, the backbone of the continental economy throughout the colonial and early post-colonial period, has been destabilized and eroded over the past thirty years. Despite the World Bank’s poverty alleviation concerns, agrarian livelihoods continue to unravel underRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesus a very good reason to believe that the uncle is dead but gives only a very weak reason about the cause of death. Maybe the uncle did drugs but got hit by a truck. So, answer (a) is best. (The best information would be the coroners report or a police report on what caused the death, but you don’t have that information to use.) 13 hints on this topic. One hint is to avoid accepting inconsistencies; they are a sign of error. We made use of this logical-reasoning principle when we noticedRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesNew York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning

Children Rights for Education Free Essays

In John Holts essay, â€Å"Freedom for Children† he discusses how children should have their own right to decide how much, when, and what to learn. Holt states that by taking children†s right to learn, we are taking a fundamental right away from them. He also states that, to adults, the right to decide what does and does not interest us is taken for granted and that we are unknowingly taking this right away from children. We will write a custom essay sample on Children Rights for Education or any similar topic only for you Order Now Holt also states that by sending children to school six hours a day, 180 days a year, for about 10 years we are limiting them. Holt concludes that children are no longer learning, but rather are taught what adults think they should know. I personally disagree with Holts on this matter. If children had the right to control their education, what would stop them from even going or learning things that could be damaging to society? I feel the have plenty of rights as it is. Children today have many rights already in the field of education. In elementary school, no one forces them to stop learning. They can always choose to further their education, by reading perhaps. In high school, there are a variety of classes a student can choose from. All these classes can be selected to fit an individual student. Classes ranging from art and drama all the way up to advanced placement physics are at the disposal of those who want to learn. No one forces children to take these classes. Students take these classes of their own free will. Once in college, a student has the right to choose whatever major they feel fit to be in. If they don†t like that major, they can always change it. What would happen if students were allowed to come and go as they please? All too often, students would never go to class. They would abuse their right and spend their days having fun. I have personally seen friends leave school because they don†t want to be there. If they didn†t have to be there they would not have come in the first place. There are certain things that students should know. Basic math and English skills are required jus to get by in today†s society. If these basic skills are never learned, we risk having an underdeveloped society full of uneducated people. Our world would literally crumble because we run the chance of people not knowing anything. Limiting what children learn today is not the way we want to have them grow up. If we did that, we would have them grow up with a natural tendency to learn what is harmful or wrong to society. What we are trying to do is guide them in life so what they can make the right decisions in life. Exposing them to what is right in the world will help them open up to new opportunities and experiences. As we can see, we are not limiting on what a person can learn, but only protecting that person from abusing it. So many things can go wrong if a person were allowed to take control of their own education. Abuse and neglect are only a few possibilities. The way education is now was designed to be the best for those willing and even unwilling to learn. Those willing can receive the best education their mind is able to give them. The unwilling receive the basics and don†t become a burden on society. Holts† idea of unhindered learning may be an idealistic one, but in the end there are too many flaws and loopholes. An education like that could be societies downfall when our system is extremely efficient now. How to cite Children Rights for Education, Papers

U.S Monetary Policy in 1995 Essay Example For Students

U.S Monetary Policy in 1995 Essay U.S Monetary Policy in 1995When Alan Greenspan presented the Federal Reserves semi-annual reporton monetary policy to the Subcommittee on Domestic and International MonetaryPolicy, the Committee on Banking and Financial Services, and the U.S. House ofRepresentatives on February, Dr. Greenspan touted a cautionary yet favorableview of the U.S. economy. He states that With inflationary pressuresapparently receding, the previous degree of restraint in monetary policy was nolonger deemed necessary, and the FOMC consequently implemented a small reductionin reserve market pressures last July. (Greenspan, 1996, Speech)During the Summer and Fall of 1995, the economy experienced astrengthening of aggregate demand growth. According to Greenspan, this increasein aggregate demand brought finished goods inventories and sales into nearequilibrium.The Feds fine tuning of the economy seemed to be paying off. Greenspan had a positive outlook for the economy for the rest of 1995. Hestates the economy, as hoped has moved onto a trajectory that could bemaintainedone less steep than in 1994, when the rate of growth was clearlyunsustainable, but one that nevertheless would imply continued significantgrowth and incomes. (Greenspan, 1996, Speech)Towards the end of the year, the economy showed signs of slowing. Fearing a prolonged slowdown or even a recession in the economy, and withinflationary expectations waning, Chairman Greenspan and the Federal Reserve cutrates again in December. (Greenspan, 1996, Speech)There are, of course, critics of 1995s monetary policy. Most of thecriticism came in the early part of 1995 when the Fed raised rates again. In the article Are We Losing Altitude Too Fast from the May 1, 1995issue of Time magazine written by John Greenwald, he explains that the economymight not be coming in for a soft landing like the fed predicts. Trying tosustain 2 to 3 percent growth might lead us into a recession. Mr. Greenwaldexplains how the Feds actions in 1994 and early 1995 has hurt individuals andthe economy as a whole. Corporate layoffs are far from over, says Greenwald,they generally accelerate when firms find themselves in an economy that isweakening. (Greenwald, Time, 5/1/95, p80)Unemployment and layoffs arent the only thing to worry about accordingto Mr. Greenwald. The automobile industry and the housing markets are bothgetting hit in the pocket books. Paul Speigel, owner of a New York cardealership explains his woes by saying Were doing our best to keep up thevolume by discounting, working on our customers, but the Feds rate hikes havedampened the ability of many Chevrolet customers to buy that new vehicle .John Tuccillo, chief economist for the National Association of Realtors statesthat the market (for new housing) fell apart as mortgage rates rose above 9%last fall (1994), and still have not yet recovered. (Greenwald, Time, May 1,1995. p81)Another outspoken, and cynical opponent to the Feds monetary policy isDr. Michael K. Evans, who is president of Evans Economics, Inc. and EvansInvestment Advisors, Boca Roton, Fla. Dr. Evans wote an article in the Aug. 21,1995 issue of Industry Week entitled The Gang that Wouldnt Shoot Straight:Feds Trample Over Their Own Rate Cut.Dr. Evans contends that lowering thefederal funds rate in July was a mistake because the economy was alreadystarting to recover without tampering by the Fed. He claims Greenspan knew fullwell that the economy was on the upswing, but cut rates anyway to try to ensurehis reappointment come March 1996.Dr. Evans claims that vice-Chairman AlanBlinder also knew of the recovery but he could not face his collegues atPrinceton w hen he returned, unless he pushed for a rate cut. (Evans, IndustryWeek, Aug. 21, 1995. p122)Dr. Evans concludes that the Feds actions in July were purposelymisleading, cravenly political, and just plain stupid. (Evans, Industry Week,Aug. 21, 1995. p122)Many people applauded the actions of the Fed in 1995, and defend themfrom the rampant fed-bashing. .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b , .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .postImageUrl , .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b , .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b:hover , .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b:visited , .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b:active { border:0!important; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b:active , .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u14a403f0eb4b354c21af0880be2f445b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Conducive Classroom Sample EssayOne of the defenders of the Feds monetary policy and Alan Greenspan isRob Norton who wrote an article in the July 24, 1995 issue of Fortune entitledThe Blaming of Dr. Greenspan. (Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan GreenspanTakes Blame for Economic Downturn). Mr. Norton agrees with Greenspan that inFebruary 1995 it was essential to raise interest rates because of anunsustainable rate of growth. He says that Greenspan was ahead of the game bydoing this. The conventional wisdom crowd claimed that here was no reason tofear that the economy was going

International Law Essays (1672 words) - International Trade

International Law International law is the body of legal rules that apply between sovereign states and such other entities as have been granted international personality (status acknowledged by the international community). The rules of international law are of a normative character, that is, they prescribe towards conduct, and are potentially designed for authoritative interpretation by an international judicial authority and by being capable of enforcement by the application of external sanctions. The International Court of Justice is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations, which succeeded the Permanent Court of International Justice after World War II. Article 92 of the charter of the United Nations states: The International Court of justice shall be the principal judicial organ of the United nations. It shall function in accordance with the annexed Statute, which is based upon the Statute of the Permanent court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. The commands of international law must be those that the states impose upon themselves, as states must give consent to the commands that they will follow. It is a direct expression of raison d'etat, the interests of the state, and aims to serve the state, as well as protect the state by giving its rights and duties. This is done through treaties and other consensual engagements which are legally binding. The case-law of the ICJ is an important aspect of the UN's contribution to the development of international law. It's judgements and advisory opinions permeates into the international legal community not only through its decisions as such but through the wider implications of its methodology and reasoning. The successful resolution of the border dispute between Burkina Faso and Mali in the 1986 Frontier Dispute case illustrates the utility of judicial decision as a means of settlement in territorial disputes. The case was submitted to a Chamber of the ICJ pursuant to a special agreement concluded by the parties in 1983. In December 1985, while written submissions were being prepared, hostilities broke out in the disputed area. A cease-fire was agreed, and the Chamber directed the continued observance of the cease-fire, the withdrawal of troops within twenty days, and the avoidance of actions tending to aggravate the dispute or prejudice its eventual resolution. Both Presidents publicly welcomed the judgement and indicated their intention to comply with it. In the Fisheries Jurisdiction case (United Kingdom v. Iceland , 1974) the ICJ contributed to the firm establishment in law of the idea that mankind needs to conserve the living resources of the sea and must respect these resources. The Court observed: It is one of the advances in maritime international law, resulting from the intensification of fishing, that the former laissez-faire treatment ofthe living resources of the sea in the high seas has been replaced by a recognition of a duty to have due regard of the rights of other States and the needs of conservation for the benefit of all. Consequently, both parties have the obligation to keep inder review the fishery resources in the disputed waters and to examine together, in the light of scientific and other available information, the measures required for the conservation and development, and equitable exploitation, of these resources, taking into account any international agreement in force between them, such as the North-East Atlantic Fisheries Convention of 24 January 1959, as well as such other agreements as may be reached in the matter in the course of further negotiation. The Court also held that the concept of preferential rights in fisheries is not static. This is not to say that the preferential rights of a coastal State in a special situation are a static concept, in the sense that the degree of the coastal State's preference is to be considered as for ever at some given moment. On the contrary, the preferential rights are a function of the exceptional dependence of such a coastal State on the fisheries in adjacent waters and may, therefore, vary as the extent of that dependence changes. The Court's judgement on this case contributes to the development of the law of the sea by recognizing the concept of the preferential rights of a coastal state in the fisheries of the adjacent waters, particularly if that state is in

Importance and Role of Leadership in Globalization

Importance and Role of Leadership in Globalization Leadership is a word whose definition cannot be vividly explained. Many books have been written on this topic Businesses, counselors and motivational speakers have also contributed in this debate. However, the need to find a definition doesn’t require one to look for a specific definition that can be accepted by everybody, but rather a definition that tries to explain what leadership should be in totality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance and Role of Leadership in Globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The reason for choosing a working definition is to enable the debate of its role and importance on globalization to be understood. According to Kouzes and Posner (3), â€Å"Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute making something happen.† Lussier and Achua (4) argued that, â€Å"Leadership is really a crock; it is about manipulating people to get them to d o something they don’t want to do, and there may be anything in it for them.† Leadership can be considered to be the provision of a vision to the people whom one has authority over and pushing through the understanding of the vision and the achievement of its goals for the benefit of the institution one is leading. Grint (4) on the other hand, looks at leadership from different perspectives. He describes leadership to be a position, a person, a result or a process that gets things done Some of the popular people in the world have been known to be leaders depending on how one views leadership. The enthusiasm a person has while heading a company, country or an organization will obviously give him/her credit based on the success of that institution. If that is the case, then, there are a number of renowned leaders in the world. Bill Gates for instance, is a famous and popular multi billionaire. Credit is given to him as the leader and brain behind the Microsoft Corporation . His contribution to the field of Graphical User Interface computing and desktop is a great idea developed by him. Another remarkable leader in the Information and communication Technology Industry is Steve jobs who despite dropping out of school, managed to lead Apple Computers to success and production of Tech Savvy gadgets. Indeed, it is the zeal with which they steered their ideas that led to their success. Other types of leaders can be drawn from politics, religion and education. Lussier and Achua (7) argue that all managers perform a leadership rolse among their four activities including planning, organizing and controlling. Leadership and skills are very essential in the success of an organization. The kind of a leader an organization has determines the pace at which it will grow if it is growth focused. Some people say that leaders are born while others say leaders are made. Whichever side one may be in, the fact is that an individual has to learn leadership skills in order to lead. For a business to prosper, it would need more strategic leadership rather than leadership itself. This is because business thrives in a market with many environmental variables which affect the output of the business. It should be strategic because the environment constantly change and the business policies and ideas must change with it.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Globalization Globalization is the main point discussed in this paper. Steger (2) states that globalization is the â€Å"shrinkage of time and space†. It can also be defined as the linkage of world economic, cultural, political, and technological advancements. It has a tremendous importance to the seven billion plus people in the world. The prevailing tone concerning globalization is that, people are optimistic towards its intentions and outcomes. Incomplete globalization causes unde sirable problems along the way though the ultimate goal of global peace and prosperity is considered to be achieved at the end. Not only will globalization bring world economy into efficiency, but it will also provoke political and social fields to overcome national barriers. The first and foremost benefit of globalization is economic efficiency. Not only have countries been able to focus on their primary industries and save budgets from developing inefficient ones, but they have also been provided with a wider range of products to select from. Globalization has also laid out the groundwork for free trades which contributed largely to the bigger market. Reasons for globalization Globalization is making the market accessible to everybody in the world. In fact, the concept of globalization has made the world to be a global village whereby, one can be able to buy a commodity from one continent and within two days, the commodity is shipped to the buyer. There are various reasons why the world has to embrace the concept of globalization. Globalization has enhanced food security in a number of ways. Food security is a situation whereby, producers produce enough food and sell at a fair price while consumers find enough food at fair prices all times. It is expected that no one should control the free flow of food while farmers are paid well from their produce without exploiting their customers. Food security is a major world concern because without food, everything is in a mess. There are many ways that globalization can enhance food security. The discovery of food biotechnologies that enhance the growth of faster growing, drought resistant and disease resistant plants has been a great milestone that has been shared throughout the world. Through this initiative, food production has been enhanced throughout the world for those who have embraced it. The fact that food can be sold freely in the world market with minimum or no barriers, it has also contributed greatly tow ards food security. McDonald (39) indicates that, â€Å"modern globalization brings new opportunities for improving human livelihoods and well being. In addition, it also brings greater recognition of the persistent sources of human insecurity from threats such as a lack of sufficient food.†Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Importance and Role of Leadership in Globalization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The contribution of globalization to food security is so great that a person in Africa can eat chicken from the United States of America with as much enthusiasm as that of their home. The Kentucky Fried chicken company is able to transport its chicken reared in America to the capital city of Kenya in Africa and still make reasonable sales fetching profits from their sales. The fact that food can move all the way from America to Africa is a big contribution to food security in the region. Food security can si mply be defined as availability of food at the right time and place and at affordable rates for the population. Globalization of culture is also a big idea that enhances world peace and integration. Integration improves relations between countries thereby embracing common values that make people understand each other. Therefore, they are able to live with each other peacefully. Ismail (3) states that, â€Å"globalization is currently enhancing the world’s atmosphere and is familiar to people from a diversity of civilizations†. Globalization is beautiful to world peace but it can be ugly in different dimensions. The fact that countries can trade freely with each other can be misused to for instance, sell weapons to countries that may be in dispute. This is used by countries that produce weapons hence, encouraging war between the countries that are at war. This is mainly used so that the country selling the weapons gains from the sale without taking the responsibility of the actions of the buying country. This is one of the undesirable effects of globalization. This however, should be controlled by international bodies and the big brother countries like the United States of America in achieving world peace. Globalization and technology have enhanced each other in different ways. Through free movement of technology in the world, the globe has been made like the size of a village. For instance, one can send an email to another within few seconds in a different continent. Through technology, communication has been enhanced and this has consequently enhanced integration through intermarriages and other unions. Over the past two decades Papageorgiou and Jaumotte (6) argue that, â€Å"income growth has been positive for all quintiles in virtually all regions and all income groups during the recent period of globalization, however, income inequality had increased mainly in middle and high income countries.†Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is contributed slightly by patent rules and regulations. For instance, people argue that through patent, the Microsoft Corporation has ensured monopoly over the years. This is so because the company produces products that cannot be used in other platforms and as well they discourage other people from making similar products. Technology has enhanced globalization greatly both positively and negatively. Through technology, revolutions have been experienced in the Arab world, it is said that a single ‘tweet’ spreads across the world in seconds. Depending on the message it carries, the results may be detrimental. A case that was experienced in the year 2011 is one that indicated that people receiving calls from a red number ending with triple 6 will die immediately after receiving it. This was a panic message that went viral and circulated very fast through mobile gadgets. In addition, giving tornado or any other disaster warnings to the populace is fast through techno logy. This is a great idea in globalization because now, people can communicate easily. This can influence leadership in the world in general. Previously, it was very difficult to express your views to the president. However, in the world today, it is very easy to drop a message to president Obama in a second. This has been able to put leaders on the spot, backing up the efforts of the media in the pushing of the political leaders to be responsible. Religion and globalization is also an area that influences each other and the leaders of these religious groups. Laguerre (17) indicates that, â€Å"a religion is global when it defines itself as a multinational, multicultural, and multiethnic faith based community project as reflected in its demographic composition.† Something is said to be global when it includes everybody or everything in the wider set. Globalization of culture, trade, technology, leadership, and socialization and other factors has enhanced the growth of religi ons and religious beliefs. For instance, through the internet, people are able to learn through correspondence and get to know much about the religion they want to join or learn about. Communication has been made easy so that people can criticize their leaders in their faiths positively. Another way through which globalization has impacted on religion is by enhancing its growth through free movement of the ambassadors of religion. The believers can be able to meet anywhere in the world and congregate and share what they belief in common. Through satellite Television, televangelism has led to expansion of religious institutions because people get ‘converted’ easily as it is easy to reach them at the same time. However, there is nothing that has only the best, there are shortcomings of globalization. Some of the religious leaders have ended up duping their followers into contributing money for projects that do not exist. The money obviously, ends up in their pockets. Thes e are some the undesirable effects of globalization of religion. Impact of leadership on globalization The phrase ‘think globally but act locally’ is not a clichà © in the leadership realm. It emphasizes the need to consult widely before acting. It is very important just like in construction of software’s, there are variables that will be used by ‘everybody’ and there are those that will be used by specific methods only. The programmer has control of all programs, thus, he/she should be able to coordinate them so as to achieve the best results. The paper has concentrated on globalization on the global sense hence, it is proper to look at how leadership has affects especially the growth of globalization. We first concentrate on leadership and globalization of religion. For a religious group to become global, it has to be multinational, multiracial, multicultural and multilingual. To achieve that, the group must define a strategy in which they will re ach different kinds of people. They should be able to devise a means through which they will reach the people and capture their attention. For that to be effective, it will depend greatly on the leaders. In an economy, the executive and the legislative arm of government make decisions which will affect the economy directly. They will have to make a decision on whether to concentrate the income of the economy like development of infrastructure as opposed to food production or education for a particular period of time. According to Laguerre (68), â€Å"developing infrastructural sign posts throughout the globe as a result of the missionary system that fuels its geographical expansion.† In fact, the local churches are units of the global network in different national territories worldwide. This is a brilliant idea that can only be implemented by the leadership of the church. Those who think locally can never go local but those who think global and act local do so by acting local in different locations. The result is a global network which essentially enhances globalization. Thus, brilliant leadership is the catalyst of religious globalization in this context. Think of a spiritual leader who thinks that people who are his/her friends are the only ones who should congregate with him. This leader is deemed to fail and the conclusion is that, his/her leadership is not remarkable. This will definitely leave people in their cocoons and they will not learn anything but have squabbles within themselves. The leadership of the ‘church’ then must be aggressive and change with time as well. They should also be able to devise new ways of attracting people to their congregation in the process of globalizing the church. In any case, a leader who cannot see the way, no one will guide him or her. The clichà ©, a blind man cannot lead another blind makes a lot of sense here. It is very important for the leadership of an organization to show and lead the way to the truth. Hence, for religion to become global, the leadership of the religion must be able to design policies that can encourage the followers. Otherwise, the ‘church’ or ‘mosque’ will not be in a position to go global but will just belong to a certain region. Leadership’s economic effect on globalization can be considered a great topic to discuss. Thompson and Reuveny (74) indicate that, â€Å"leadership change affects the Northern economy more than the Southern economy.† This clearly indicates that, leadership is pivotal to the economy of the world in general. The leadership basically makes decisions that affect the movement of products, knowledge and goods within an economy. This is so because if the leadership is clear in their mind, they are supposed to formulate policies that encourage investments from other countries (foreign investment) because they will do so within their means. An example is a third world country that is developin g which has to concentrate on particular issues than others. For instance, it is clear that education, medical care and shelter are very critical in the development of the country. But then, it is fair for the leadership to think outside the box and develop infrastructure that will enable private and foreign investors to invest in the country so that they generate jobs. The jobs so far generated will then make the lives of the employees better and the government will collect taxes that they would divert to education, medicine and other areas of development. Changing leadership technically affects globalization. For instance, there is something called friendship of nations. Once governments change, the concept of giving tenders to quality is not abided to rather, it is directed to nations that seem to be friendly to the sitting leadership. This is experienced in developing countries in the world. In America, the effect is usually felt by the party having presidency when it changes be tween the republicans and the democrats. The push to accept ideologies of either party greatly affects where to invest in the world and what to invest in. This directly affects the concept of globalization. According to Thompson and Reuveny (80), â€Å"it is consistent in our expectation that systematic leadership and long waves of economic growth are drivers of systemic phenomena such as economic globalization.† The economy of a country purely depends on government policies. These policies may be made in a way that will encourage or discourage foreign investors. If they encourage foreign investments, it is possible for people from all parts of the world to have a share of the local market. And this is what is known as economic globalization. It is clear that the leadership greatly impacts economic globalization a great deal. Leadership directly dictates the policies formulated, this is what will either encourage or discourage globalization. Political impact on globalization is very evident in the world. The latest incidences are coup staged in West African countries. Once the politicians cause instability in a country, any foreign agent in that country runs back to their country. Each country hosts ambassadors from countries it thinks have common interests. In most countries, the ambassadors are supposed to sell the good things about their home government. However, sometimes the big brother countries try to influence the politics of developing countries so that they can benefit from it. Prechel (3) wrote, â€Å"Advocates of this ‘global neoberalism’ believe it is necessary to sub ordinate states and politics to requirements of capital accumulation. This is clear because it affects globalization directly. In a matter of fact, the concept of globalization was born by political leaders because it must be steered ahead by the same political leaders who embrace the idea. Those who did not like the idea will keep fighting it to the end. Somethi ng good and beneficial to the masses will always go viral and the many that like it will make good use of it. The world bodies like the World Bank, United Nations, and International Monetary Fund are influenced by political leaders. The decisions made by these bodies directly affect politics of other parts of the world. This is something to think about in globalization. The politicians of a certain country may be backed by the UN while the opponents are not backed. This may because a major drift will either affect globalization positively or negatively. In the case of Muhamar Gadhafi who was ousted in Libya by the Transitional Government Fighters backed by NATO, is a good example of the effect of politics in globalization. It is said that the former Libyan leader was ruling with an iron fist hence, discouraging democracy and the immigration of foreigners into the country. Thus, he was discouraging globalization. Someone may conclude that after his regime, the country opened up and t here is free flow of information into and out of the country. Recommendation and Conclusion Globalization is real and helpful in the world today. It is of prime importance that people embrace togetherness making the world like a global village. If globalization is used objectively, it will enhance world peace, food security and international cohesion. Leadership has the biggest role in it. It is clear that if the leadership of various countries doesn’t enact proper government policies that encourage international business, international culture, and international relations then globalization cannot prevail. Leaders must remember that they must have a vision and work for the dream tirelessly. Sometimes they have to go an extra mile so that their dreams of a prosperous nation can be realized. The clichà © a blind man cannot lead another blind man is true in the sense that leaders must be brilliant people who are informed and ready to work in a vision that they have. Thinking g lobally and acting locally is a great quote for all leaders because local makes global. Leaders must factor in all global factors before implementing any action locally. The fact that human beings have common basic needs is a clear driver of why people should share the world resources through globalization. The reason for this assumption is that, globalization makes it possible to sell or buy commodities that one cannot produce in his/her country. Grint, Keith. Leadership: A Very Short Introduction, 1st Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. Ismail, Mohamed. Globalization and New International Public Works Agreements in Developing Countries, 1st Edition. Farnham Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2011. Print. Kouzes, James M. and Posner, Barry Z. The Leadership Challenge, 4th Edition. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley Sons, 2007. Print. Laguerre, Michel S. Network Governance of Global Religions, 1st Edition. New York, NY: Routledge, 2011. Print. Lussier, Rob ert N. and Achua, Christopher F. Leadership: Theory, Application, Skill Development, 4th Edition. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. McDonald, Bryan L. Food Security, 1st Edition. Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2010. Print. Papageorgiou, Chris and Jaumotte, Florence. Rising Income Inequality: Technology, Or Trade and Financial Globalization? 1st Edition. New York NY: International Monetary Fund, 2008. Print. Prechel, Harland. Politics and Globalization, 1st Edition. San Diego, CA: JAI Press, 2007. Print. Steger, Manfred. Globalization. 1st Edition. New York, NY: Sterling Publishing Company, 2010. Print. Thompson, William R. and Reuveny, Rafael. Limits to Globalization: North-South Divergence, Volume 21. New York, NY: RoutledgeTaylor Francis, 2010. Print.

The best cities for jobs in 2018

The best cities for jobs in 2018 Unemployment is currently lower than it has been in 17 years. Obviously, that means jobs are out there, but your town might not necessarily be the most booming place in the U.S. right now. Sometimes you have to pull up stakes and move to the zip code where the right job for you is waiting. According to a recent study, there are particular U.S. cities that are most benefiting from the current unemployment low. Here are the 10 best cities for job seekers in 2018 so far.1. San Jose, CASan Jose is the U.S.’s top destination for job seekers. While the unemployment rate in San Jose is no different from that of San Francisco (at 3.3%), at almost $79,000, the average annual salary beats SF’s by nearly $10,000. Techies flock to San Jose-based companies such as Apple, Facebook, Cisco, and Google. Major employers such as the County of Santa Clara and Stanford University can also share some responsibility for San Jose’s status as the best city for job seekers in the entire U nited States of America.2. San Francisco, CAThe job market in California’s Bay Area is currently at an all-time high, with an unemployment rate of 3.3% and an average salary rate of more than $69,000. Those big money makers are doing well in San Fran’s tourist, health care, education, and biotech industries.3. Boston, MAOn the opposite coast is Boston, the third best city for job seekers on this list. As the country’s center of higher education, those in that field are well employed in Boston. Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Brigham and Women’s Hospital are some of the city’s most prolific employers, so East Coasters in the health industry may want to do their job searches in Bean Town. Average annual salaries are well above the national average at more than $64,000.4. San Diego, CAAnd we’re back to The Golden State- a bit further down south is where California’s medical and education professiona ls congregate, largely because San Diego is the home of the University of California and such healthcare companies as Sharp and Kaiser Permanente. Salaries are healthy and unemployment has been in steady decline since 2010. There’s no evidence that trend will be shifting so far in 2018.5. Los Angeles, CAA little further up the coast, Los Angeles continues to be one of the nation’s biggest destinations for job seekers. Anyone who dreams of breaking into the entertainment industry can still set their sites on L.A., however the city’s healthcare and personal care industries are also robust. The police department is also a top employer. Salaries tend to be low, but Los Angeles in unmatched in terms of employees finding a satisfying balance between life in and out of the workplace.6. Minneapolis, MNIf you’re in the personal care industry but prefer snow to sun, you may want to migrate to Minneapolis. Jobs in business, finance, and tech are also plentiful in Mi nneapolis. Among the city’s biggest employers are Target, 3M, and Allina Health System.7. Sacramento, CABy now, you’ve likely noticed a serious trend that may inspire you to shout â€Å"California, here I come,† as half of the 10 best cities for job seekers reside there. In Sacramento, the personal care and construction industries are among the city’s fastest-growing ones. Sacramento also scores points for its strong salaries and its employees’ tendency to strike a strong balance between life in and outside of work.8. Miami, FLJob security and employee satisfaction are high, down south in Miami. And it isn’t just because of all that sun. The tourism industry is strong as more than 27 million people travelled to the city in 2016 alone. As a major port, Miami is also the place to be for those in the trade and manufacturing industries. The city’s construction boom also makes it ripe for those in architecture, real estate, and of course, construction. Salaries tend to be on the low side, but job security is currently higher in Miami than anywhere else in the country.9. Seattle, WASeattle is where it’s at for those in the tech industry. In fact, nearly 7% of all jobs in the Emerald City are in tech, and companies such as Amazon, Boeing, and Microsoft are doing much of the hiring. While one is not especially likely to advance in her or his job in Seattle, salaries are among the highest in the nation.10. Washington, D.C.That other Washington all the way on the side of the country is also rich in opportunities at this moment, as one of the most dramatic up-and-comers is Washington, D.C. While opportunities in the nation’s capital had been limited for some time, they have really opened up recently. The federal government and the public school system are the city’s biggest employers and offer some of its highest salaries. While jobs are plentiful in D.C., salaries are on the lower side, especially for those in the public sector, but it does rank highly for job security and promotions.

Should nuclear power be revived in California and the United States Research Paper

Should nuclear power be revived in California and the United States - Research Paper Example The aftermath of using fossil fuel as a source of energy has recently revived the interest of incorporating nuclear power as a major source of energy. The need of reviving the use of nuclear power has further being aggravated by the ever-increasing population, thus increasing the demand of energy. Reliable operations and safety are the main requirements that lead to the approval of nuclear energy as a source of power generation (Rosen and Glasser, 1992, p. 308). Importance of nuclear power †¢ Development imperative On attaining a wealth of information from the US senate, senator Domenici indicated that human development is the creation of a surrounding where individuals can establish their maximum potential, as humans are considered the real wealth of the world; indeed, human development supersedes economic growth. The fact remains that we need energy to not only drive our industries, but also support our current trends of living. Lack of electricity has been identified as one of the perpetrators of poverty. In 1999, the United States was noted to consume approximately 25 percent of the world’s energy. Nevertheless, high consumption of electricity indicates the ever-changing lifestyle in United States’ growing population. Nuclear power generation as a way of diversifying the sources of electricity generation can not only free up fossil fuel, but also ensure the uses have no other substitutes. The result of use of nuclear power is a cleaner environment, creation of more job opportu nities and maximum use of available raw material. . According to Sir Ingham, based on rational discourse, nuclear power should be viewed based as the foundation of man’s sustainable power that has no offence to the surrounding. environment (Domenici, Lyons and Steyn, 2004, p. 182, 183 & 184). Substitute for natural gas and oil imports. Increase in population brings about high demand of energy. This high demand of energy hence forces the country to import energy, which could lead to political instability and lack of cost control. According to Domenici, Lyons and Steyn (2004), reliance of imported energy has been predicted to rise from 50 percent to 70 percent in the decades to come within the European countries. Heavy reliance of imported energy may have negative global impact and hence United States should have an equilibrium energy policy that incorporates healthy reliance on nuclear power in order to suppress the ever-increasing competition of fossil fuel supply in the deca des to come. America will encounter stiff competition from fast developing countries and the European Union countries for supply of imported energy and hence the best option will be for the country to incorporate the nuclear energy option and attain the diversification of electricity. The heavy reliance of natural gas and oil imports will not only lead the United States to a dangerous path but also return the nation to the situation it was fifty years ago regarding foreign oil imports. According to the research undertaken by EIA, 39 percent of US’ energy is bound to be imported as indicated statistically in 2002 when 29 percent of the country’

Write a position paper for President Assad of Syria on the curent Essay

Write a position paper for President Assad of Syria on the curent foreign policy dilemmas facing his country, setting out at least three viable policy options for the future - Essay Example What are the major foreign policy issues facing Syria today? As with all of our neighbors, the American decision to invade Iraq and overthrow a fellow Ba’athist regime in Iraq has presented a variety of new challenges. Contending with a pro-American regime in Iraq is something which we have had to understand since 2004 and this represents an important foreign policy challenge. Lebanon, a neighbor and Arab brotherly state, has recently asserted its independence in regional and domestic affairs and the result has been a lessening of Syrian influence in the region. The invasion of Iraq and the establishment of a pro-US government in that country has had a variety of regional ramifications. Finally, the constant belligerent relationship with Israel remains one of the most protracted foreign policy issues facing Syria today (Bloom, 2005; Zubaida, 2002). As I see it, there are three major policy options for Syria in the short to long-term. The first relates to Lebanon and the dwindling influence of Syria in this country. While we continue to exert influence in Lebanon through a variety of proxy sources as well as through the Hezbollah Resistance Movement, Syria must maintain its regional supremacy through an active Lebanon policy which ensures that Lebanon remains pliant to the wishes of its Syrian neighbor and remains decidedly pro-Arab in its inclinations as opposed to pro-Western. This will be a challenge to maintain in a new 21st century in which national assertiveness is expressed in Beirut but we must continue to maintain a foothold in Lebanon in order to remain effective. Another important policy option encompasses our relationship with the United States and its aggressive foreign policy in the Middle East. American aggression in Israel is threatening to Syria but after years of isolation we may have little choice but to warm

Fitness & body Essay Example for Free

Fitness body Essay Concept in the olden days about being fit was just looking healthy. Today we know that there is a lot more required to be healthy. Just because a person looks healthy does not mean that his arteries are not clogged up with cholesterol. In the dictionary fitness is described as being in a good state of health due to exercise and proper nutritional habits (Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000). Thus to be physically fit an individual needs regular exercise and a balanced nutritional diet. Just falling into the required body mass index does not certify an individual as fit. Current Fitness and Nutritional Habits My body mass index falls in the normal range but I do not feel as healthy as I should at my age. Breakfast consists of cereal with milk or sometimes fried egg with brown bread. Occasionally I have heavy foods such as French toast or sweet tea with fried paratha. Lunch has white meat and is usually a heavy meal of the day. The meat is cooked with oily gravy and is usually consumed with rice. Dinner also consists of similar type of food items. Vegetable are only consumed about two to three times a week. I consume a soft drink almost every day. Sometimes consume around three soft drinks in one day. Have about four glasses of water each day. Do not follow any regular exercise plan. Since I live on the first floor climbing about thirty stairs is a normal routine. Spend a lot of time in front of the television or computer so a sedentary type of lifestyle. Try to walk around the house as often as possible but walking in the university is exhausting enough. Have to sit in the car for about an hour to go back and fourth from the university. Health problems related to obesity: An obese person has the risk of developing many problems and diseases. There can be heart diseases such as atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, congestive heart disease, angina, sudden cardiac death and stroke. Cancers of the endometrial, colon, gall bladder, prostate, kidney and post-menopausal breast cancer are also more likely to occur. Fatty liver disease, chronic venous insufficiency, gall bladder disease, breathing problems, deep vein thrombosis and arthritis are also shown to occur more commonly in obese individuals (Collins, 2000-2007). Fitness Habits There are many changes I can make to my daily routine to improve my health. Some of these changes are: regular exercise, taking the stairs instead of the elevator and playing badminton at least once a week. Regular exercise has many benefits. It increases the efficiency of the heart and increases the cardio-respiratory system’s ability to carry oxygen to the body. It helps regulate the cholesterol in the blood thus leading to lower cardiovascular disease, lower blood pressure and decreased risk of coronary artery blockage. During exercise endorphins are released. These are normal body hormones that decrease depression, lower pain and elevate the mood. It helps prevent injuries and lower back pain. Exercise is also associates with a decreased risk of developing cancer, diabetes and osteoporosis. Due to these numerous benefits if I do about one hour of fast passed walking each day it will do wonders for improving my health. Regular exercise also ensures that a person sleeps more regularly and is more alert and active. Climbing stairs is a great exercise for the leg muscles. It helps increase the heart rate thus providing a work out. Stamina is also increased. Since we have to get from one point to another it is better to pick a route that will help burn more calories. This is why the escalators and elevators should be avoided since they deprive our body of much needed calisthenics. Badminton or any other sport for that matter is a great exercise. It is a good way to work out without losing interest in the exercise. Sports not only help increase team spirit and people interaction but they are also a great way to pass time and get healthier simultaneously. A sport such as badminton involves running around. This is a great exercise and helps build better muscle tone and interaction. When something such as exercise becomes a source of enjoyment it can be done for longer periods of time without feeling the strain. Exercise helps decrease weight since it burns calories very quickly. Thus playing a sport, climbing stairs or doing regular exercises everyday will help improve my general health since I will lose weight, sleep better and become more alert. Nutritional Habits Three nutritional habits I can acquire to improve my health are: eating more vegetables, cutting down on soft drinks and eating fewer processed food. Vegetables are something that our elders have been raving about for years. We have to acknowledge that there is some wisdom to their praising the greens. One of the main benefits that vegetables provide is fiber. Fiber is very important to maintain a healthy and toned digestive system. It is the indigestible content of the vegetables that helps prevent constipation. The calorie content of vegetables is also very low. This is why a greater quantity can be eaten without the risk of exceeding the daily required calorie content. Soluble fiber also makes you feel more full so the urge to eat can be resisted (Fisher, 2009). Vegetables will keep my weight in check since I can eat more and stay full for longer without consuming too many calories. Soft drinks are one of the leading causes of obesity today. It is a known fact that they contain huge amounts of refined sugar. This can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart disease, diabetes, weight gain and premature aging. It also contains caffeine which is addictive and causes side effects such as jitters, insomnia, high blood pressure, irregular heartbeat, elevated blood cholesterol levels, vitamin and mineral depletion, breast lumps, birth defects, and perhaps some forms of cancer. Aspartame is a chemical used as a substitute of sugar in diet soda. It causes over 92 different health side effects including brain tumors, birth defects, diabetes, emotional disorders and epilepsy/seizures. (Oleda and Company, 1996-2010). There may also be bone and teeth defects since soft drinks decreases the body calcium content. Cutting down on soft drinks will automatically help me reduce weight sinec it is such a fattening product. It will help improve my bones and teeth and my over all general health. Most of us usually prefer munching on junk food. Sometimes we become so addicted that we include junk food into our regular diet. Processed foods such as junk foods contain a lot of trans fats. This is a very harmful kind of fat and is not easily metabolized by the body. Avoiding junk food will help reduce weight since I will not be gaining too many calories from a very less quantity of food. General health will also improve since weight and digestive system will become healthy. Nutrition and exercise are the things that define us. As the saying goes: ‘you are what you eat’ we should be very cautious of the quality of nutrition we are providing our body. A balanced diet is essential to make our body keep working at it’s vital capasity. Over the decades exercise has proved to carry many benefits such as mood elevation and decreasing the possibility of many dieseases. If these two things are balanced we can truly become fit. This improvement will do wonders for our quality of life since everyone is well aware that a good life depends on quality and not quantity. References Collins, A. (2000-2007). Health Risks of Obesity. Retrieved july 10, 2010, from anne collins: http://www. annecollins. com/obesity/risks-of-obesity. htm Fisher, F. (2009, april 27). Benefits of eating vegetables cooked or raw. Retrieved july 10, 2010, from articles base: http://www. articlesbase. com/low-calorie-articles/benefits-of-eating-vegetables-cooked-or-raw-887732. html Houghton Mifflin Company. (2000). fitness . Retrieved july 10, 2010, from th efree dictionary by farlex: http://www. thefreedictionary. com/fitness Oleda and Company. (1996-2010). Dangers of Soda Pop (Carbonated Soft Drinks). Retrieved july 10, 2010, from oleda: http://www. oleda. com/oleda_tips/tips. asp? dept=48

An Analysis of the Television Sitcom, Different Strokes :: Media

An Analysis of the Television Sitcom, Different Strokes Different Strokes a comedy sitcom, first aired in 1978, and lasted until 1986. This sitcom consisted of a widowed Manhattan millionaire, Phillip Drummond , who adopted two orphaned brothers. Arnold who was 8 years old and Willis who was 12. The boys' mother was Drummonds housekeeper who became very ill, so Drummond made a promise to her that he would take care of her two sons after she passed away. Drummond treated the two boys like his own. He also lived with his daughter, Kimberly, who was 13 years old, and his current housekeeper. This sitcom showed typical life lessons in growing up, and social problems that were occurring during that time. Some of the aspects of this show were both positive and negative. Positive Aspects In this sitcom there are several different ways in which minorities are positively portrayed. For instance, even though Arnold and Willis were two brothers of another ethnic background and race, Drummond who was a Caucasian millionaire still took these boys in. Another example of positive portrayal is that Drummond also called Arnold and Willis his â€Å"sons† not just his adopted children. He raised them as if they were his own children. The third example of a positive portrayal is that in this sitcom they showed evidence of social problems, such as racial discrimination. They realized that it did exist and that it was a problem. Finally, this sitcom also showed how blacks and whites could live equally and be happy together. These four portrayals are definitely positive and show how two minorities were portrayed in â€Å"Diff’rent Strokes†. Negative Aspects Different Strokes, which was first televised November 3, 1978, was one of the better, most influential shows of that time. This show was a perfect example of how minorities were portrayed to be unable to support themselves. The African American family characterized in this show was a single mother family, leading to the belief that most African American children were without a father in their lives. In agreement with the stereotypes of the time, their income was also low because the mother was a housekeeper. The audience may presume that she had no other skills than housekeeping which leads to the negative belief that African Americans have no job skills. In addition to these family problems and income issues, the children spoke slang and were even referred to as ghetto.

Baroque Period through the Romantic Age

Art not only serve as a tool for visual appreciation, but is oftentimes referred to as the mirror of the society. It’s because art effectively conveys or reflects what is happening in a certain society, at a certain period of time. With this, we see art not only as entertainment, but also as social critique. In viewing art, we go deeper than the colors, lines, and shapes that we see.We read between the lines, and look at art in relation to the time and society it was conceived. By doing so, we are able to build a deeper understanding of how and why a specific artwork is created.Indeed, social, political, and economic conditions are able to shape and alter the nature of meaning of art. In order to further understand how art’s nature and meaning are altered by the abovementioned factors, we can specifically look at a certain era in art and scrutinize some of its details. First, we can consider the neoclassical era. Neoclassicism was prevalent during the 18th and 19th cent ury. It was based on Ancient Greek or Roman classics, with high standards on the artwork’s subject, design, and a lot more. We can see that this is the time of abundance, wherein artists follow high standards clearly.Some of the works reflect a time of oppression, of the need to follow the rules and conventions not only in the art but also in the society. This is the time when there were ruling kings and other tyrants, who dictate everyone to conform to the standards and repercussions that he want. No one is above the ruling authority, so the society indeed has to follow. This is reflected in the works of art at this time, one good example is David’s Oath of the Horatii (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/File:David-Oath_of_the_Horatii-1784. jpg). Instead of using bright, pastel colors, it uses sharp ones which exude sophistication and clarity in the works.The subject are well-made, life like figures of Roman soldiers and other men. Romanticism is another era in art that w e could consider in order to see how it is affected by social, political, and economic factors. This began during the second half of the 18th century, wherein there is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement. It was also prevalent during the Industrial Revolution. Works of art at these times were considered to revolt against the social and political norms of the ruling aristocrats, as well as the rationalization of nature by science.The works of art in this era exudes strong emotions, giving the viewers a great aesthetic experience. It appeals on emotions like horror and awe, with the use of vibrant colors, unique themes, and creative styles. This era reflects a changing society, moving from the aristocratic rule towards freedom of expression. It does not conform to any rules of design; instead its strong appeal to the emotion is what sets it apart from other eras. A great example of this is Eugene Delacroix’ Liberty Leading the People which commemorate the to ppling down of a prominent political figure during the French Revolution (http://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Liberty_Leading_the_People). The liberation from the ruling aristocrat inspired the creation of this work, and it exudes great emotion in its subject, a half naked woman leading the people forward, walking past the bodies of the fallen during the war. Another example is Francisco Goya’s The Third of May 1808, wherein he depicts the oppression during the reign of Napoleon I, commemorating the Spanish resistance to the invading French ruler (http://eeweems. com/goya/3rd_of_may. html).

Filipino Psychology Essay

Arts in the Philippines started even before the colonization of the country. It has different fields and expressions which are mostly religious. In any way, these native arts are on the verge of being lost now since the masses are all focused on foreign cultures forgetting their own. Painting Filipino painting as a whole can be seen as an amalgamation of many cultural influences, though it tends to be more Western in its current form with Eastern roots. Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6000 BC has been found in Sanga-sanga Cave, Sulu and Laurente Cave, Cagayan. It has been proven that by 5000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced throughout the country. Early Filipinos started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors and at about the same time as the Thais as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology. Further evidences of painting are manifested in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the ‘Painted People’ of the Visayas. Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored pigmentation. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranao who are well known for the Naga Dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King’s House. Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th century Spanish period. The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th, and 20th century produced a mixture of religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light. Early modernist painters, such as Damian Domingo, were associated with religious and secular paintings. The art of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo showed a trend for political statement. Artist such as Fernando Amorsolo used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artist such as Fernando Zobel used realities and abstract on his work. In early 80s other unique folk artist exists, one of these is Elito Circa as amang pintor, the famous Filipino folk painter. He uses his own hair to make his paintbrushes, and signs his name with his own blood on the right side of his paintings. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from masters. Literature The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Mexican and Spanish period. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, Filipino, Tagalog, English and other native Philippine languages. Some of the well-known Filipino literatures are Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Florante at Laura, Ibong Adarna and among others which are still being studied by Filipino students nowadays. Dance Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Carinosa. In the southern region of Mindanao, Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles. Music The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, ukelele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have raised prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes. Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music. Architecture The Nipa hut (Bahay Kubo) is the mainstream form of housing. It is characterized by use of simple materials such as bamboo and coconut as the main sources of wood. Cogon grass, Nipa palm leaves and coconut fronds are used as roof thatching. Most primitive homes are built on stilts due to frequent flooding during the rainy season. Regional variations include the use of thicker and denser roof thatching in mountain areas, or longer stilts on coastal areas particularly if the structure is built over water. The architecture of other indigenous peoples may be characterized by angular wooden roofs, bamboo in place of leafy thatching and ornate wooden carvings. The Spaniards introduced stones as housing and building materials. The introduction of Christianity brought European churches, and architecture which subsequently became the center of most towns and cities. Spanish architecture can be found in Intramuros, Vigan, Iloilo, Jaro and other parts of the Philippines. Islamic and other Asian architecture can also be seen depicted on buildings such as mosques and temples. The Coconut Palace is an example of Philippine Architecture. Contemporary architecture has a distinctively Western style although pre-Hispanic housing is still common in rural areas. American style suburban-gated communities are popular in the cities, including Manila, and the surrounding provinces. Cinema The advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures. The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovery of film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from popular theater shows and Philippine literature. In the 1940s, Philippine cinema brought the consciousness of reality in its film industry. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences. The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema, with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts. By the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was in decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism in films. The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines. The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy and action films. The Philippines, being one of Asia’s earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004. From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007. The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige. II. PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATION. The sense of freedom that goes with the realization that psychology need not be imported from the United States of America brought new vigor, new meanings, and new directions for Philippine psychology. An intriguing redefinition of psychology itself is foreseen with the Filipino psychologist’s growing interest in the arts. Imbued with dynamism and a commitment to indigenous Filipino psychology in music and the arts, Felipe de Leon Jr. led the Sikolohiyang Pilipino movement as the fifth president of the association, promoting consciousness in people’s arts. De Leon distinguishes people’s art from specialist art. The first includes traditional, indigenous, ethnic and folk art. To be sure, people’s art exist everywhere in the country, especially among our rural and urban populations whose education is more or less synonymous with the life process in the community rather than with the artificially structured, essentially theoretical, mental learning that occurs in a formal setting such as a school. It is an art integrated in myriad ways, with everyday concerns, interests, functions and activities. Specialist art on the other hand, is a product of the individuals who received formal schooling and training in liberal arts, fine arts, literature, music, dance, drama or film in schools. Folk art reflects the concept of kapwa and is a rich source for understanding the Filipino worldview. The openness, as well as the present gradual development of mass-based artists whose aesthetic interests lie in depicting the peeks, depths, hardships and aspirations of contemporary Filipino life undoubtedly touch on pakikiisa, the highest level of kapwa psychology. Delineating the Filipino psychology and worldview is a contribution towards liberation—by not simply describing the Filipino outlook as seen in his arts, in his behavior and culture, but in moving him to action on the basis of his own worldview and on his own terms. The surge of interest in the arts changes the self-image of the Filipino psychologists themselves and, perhaps, even their identity. After all, it can be argued that psychologists must move closer to art not in order to avoid psychology but precisely to approach its very core.

How to become a substitute teacher

How to become a substitute teacher Substitute teachers are the pinch hitters of the education world: they step in when needed and help keep the game running smoothly. These educators are key to making sure that the school day continues on even when the regular classroom teacher can’t be there- whether that’s for a sick day or a longer-term absence. What does a substitute teacher do?Substitute teachers are educators who are employed by a school or school district as a kind of floater. When a full-time teacher is unavailable for any reason, the substitute teacher can take his or her place in the classroom for a period of time, continuing the lessons and plans set by the full-time teacher. They’re fully trained educators and are typically experienced in the subject for which they’re filling in.A substitute teacher’s duties may include:Teaching lessons as outlined by the full-time teacherDeveloping lesson plans for longer-term assignmentsManaging classroom behaviorMonitoring other school activities like the lunch, recess, or bus activityThe workday for a substitute teacher is typically a six- or seven-hour standard school day, though fulfilling the full-time teacher’s duties may call for the substitute to handle after-school or extracurricular activities as well. Substitutes may work during the regular school year or during special sessions like summer school or night school. Like full-time teachers, substitutes might choose to specialize in particular subject areas, particularly at the middle school or high school level.What skills do substitute teachers need?Substitute teachers need to be able to step in for full-time teachers with minimal interruption to the classroom, so they need to have essentially the same set of skills- with a bit more flexibility thrown in.Teaching Skills:Â  Whether they’re working with lesson plans set by the full-time teacher or their own plans, substitutes need to be able to teach concepts and skills to students.Organizat ional Skills:Â  Substitute teachers are responsible for keeping the classroom organized and running efficiently in the full-time teacher’s absence, so it’s crucial to be able to step into a potentially unknown situation, understand what the full-time teacher was working on, and pick up that ball and run with it. Classroom management is essential to the job.Patience:Â  Like with every educator, the substitute teacher will be faced with students of varying abilities, behavior, personality, etc. A strong sense of patience goes a long way in this career path, especially when there are students who have trouble dealing with interruptions in the classroom.Flexibility:Â  By its nature, this job calls for flexibility. Your classroom today might not be your classroom tomorrow- or it might be your classroom for the next six months. If you need a consistent routine and consistent details from day to day, this might not be the best teaching path for you. But if you love the ide a of working with different people on different projects from day to day, this flexible attitude can be a major asset.What do you need to become a substitute teacher?Each school or district has its own policies about substitute teachers. Some require substitute teachers to be fully certified by the state. Others require a four-year degree, while some require a minimum of a high school degree. It’s important to check with your target school district to see what they require and what you’ll need to have.How much do substitute teachers get paid?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for substitute teachers is $30,900, or $14.86 per hour. This can vary depending on the teacher’s experience, as well as the type of school.What’s the outlook for substitute teachers?The education field is continually growing as local populations grow and create more students. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics expects that the demand for subst itute teachers will grow about as fast as average for all jobs through 2024.

Three Types of Exceptions in Java

Three Types of Exceptions in Java Errors are the bane of users and programmers alike. Developers obviously dont want their programs falling over at every turn and users are now so used to having errors in programs that they grudgingly accept to pay the price for software that will almost certainly have at least one error in it. Java is designed to give the programmer a sporting chance in designing an error-free application. There are exceptions that the programmer will know are a possibility when an application interacts with a resource or a user and these exceptions can be handled. Unfortunately, there are exceptions the programmer cant control or simply overlooks. In short, all exceptions are not created equal and therefore there are several types for a programmer to think about. An exception is an event which causes the program to be unable to flow in its intended execution. There are three types of exception- the checked exception, the error and the runtime exception. The Checked Exception Checked exceptions are exceptions that a Java application should be able to cope with. For example, If an application reads data from a file it should be able to handle the FileNotFoundException . After all, there is no guarantee that the expected file is going to be where it is supposed to be. Anything could happen on the file system, which an application would have no clue about. To take this example one step further. Lets say we are using the FileReader class to read a character file. If you have a look at the FileReader constructor definition in the Java api you will see its method signature: public FileReader(String fileName) throws FileNotFoundException As you can see the constructor specifically states that the FileReader constructor can throw a FileNotFoundException. This makes sense as its highly likely that the fileName String will be wrong from time to time. Look at the following code: public static void main(String[] args){ FileReader fileInput null; //Open the input file fileInput new FileReader(Untitled.txt); } Syntactically the statements are correct but this code will never compile. The compiler knows the FileReader constructor can throw a FileNotFoundException and its up to the calling code to handle this exception. There are two choices - firstly we can pass the exception on from our method by specifying a throws clause too: public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException{ FileReader fileInput null; //Open the input file fileInput new FileReader(Untitled.txt); } Or we can actually handle with the exception: public static void main(String[] args){ FileReader fileInput null; try { //Open the input file fileInput new FileReader(Untitled.txt); } catch(FileNotFoundException ex) { //tell the user to go and find the file } } Well-written Java applications should be able to cope with checked exceptions. Errors The second kind of exception is known as the error. When an exception occurs the JVM will create an exception object. These objects all derive from the Throwable class. The Throwable class has two main subclasses- Error and Exception. The Error class denotes an exception that an application is not likely to be able to deal with.   These exceptions are considered rare. For example, the JVM might run out of resources due to the hardware not being able to cope with all the processes it is having to deal with. Its possible for the application to catch the error to notify the user but typically the application is going to have to close until the underlying problem is dealt with. Runtime Exceptions A runtime exception occurs simply because the programmer has made a mistake. Youve written the code, it all looks good to the compiler and when you go to run the code, it falls over because it tried to access an element of an array that does not exist or a logic error caused a method to be called with a null value. Or any number of mistakes a programmer can make. But thats okay, we spot these exceptions by exhaustive testing, right? Errors and Runtime Exceptions fall into the category of unchecked exceptions.

Taxation and Representation Debate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Taxation and Representation Debate - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the British parliament in imposing taxes on colonies and plantations argues that these dominions â€Å"have been, are, and of right ought to be, subordinate unto, and dependent upon the imperial crown and parliament of Great Britain† and that the â€Å"King's Majesty of right ought to have, full power and authority to make laws and statutes of sufficient force and validity to bind the colonies and people of America, subjects of the crown of Great Britain†. As such, colonists have no power to vote or pass any resolutions or question the British Parliament’s actions. The colonists do not refute the fact that they are subordinate to British parliament and just like British residents, they owe allegiance to the Crown but they also have the same rights as natural born of Britain owing to the fact that their ancestors were born there (First Continental Congress). As such, they ought to have equal representation in parliame nt as the Britons. However, this is not the case as they have no representation in the parliament and hence are not bound by decisions of that parliament. Governments are given consent by the people to defend their lives, liberty, and property and according to Adams â€Å"it is the community to assess pay† for such service (Adams, The Rights of Colonists). Since the whole community cannot be in the Assembly, it is their representatives to air their opinions. But the colonists are not represented in British parliament hence do not give consent personally or through their representatives thus are not supposed to be taxed. As for the British argument that parliament represents all British possessions, this may be true but experience has proved that the same parliament does not safeguard their rights or property. Henry Patrick in his article Give me Liberty or Give me Death in 1775 argues that they have tried all the means necessary (petitions, demonstrations, supplications) to h ave parliament listen and act on their pleas to no avail. Instead, navies and armies are placed in the colonies to force them to submit.

Primary Source Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Primary Source Analysis - Research Paper Example He describes the rise of Christians against the Jews as an error in thinking and wonders whether was really inspired by God. Albeit of Aura wanted to portray that the attacks on Christian were not motivated by their duty to defend their religion, but it was out of pure greed for wealth. He claims that in all the successful expeditions the Christians took and shared the large amount of Jews wealth Ekkehard of Aura describes Emico, a Christian soldier as to be of ill morals and compares him to the biblical Saul whose main aim was to persecute the Christians. He describes expeditions over Emico’s leaders as inconsiderate and ruthless. Ekkehard states that the Christian’s were out to attack any Jew they came along with no consideration on their support of Christianity. He tries to bring out a point that, Christian’s goal was to destroy the Jews and rob them of their possessions. Ekkehard and Albert’s claims are somehow different from the letter of Aymeric to L ouis II of France. Aymeric letter’s was meant to put across a message of suffering the Christian’s were facing in the hands of the many organized Jews. The letter was written in such a way to convince the King to offer the Christians support as a fight back toward the many Jews. Aymeric portrays a weak Christian society against a large group of Jews. Albert and Ekkehard notes the Christian’s cruelty, lack of mercy and persecution of the Jews because of their own race. From their presentation of the message the two authors describes Christian’s acts towards the Jews with a lot of personal feelings attached. He portrays their support for the Jews especially where they use strong abusive words to describe the Christians as greedy, cruel, and merciless and error minded. Amyrec on the other side on his letter to the king of France is seen requesting on enforcement against the Jews. The attacks on the Jews that occurred during the first crusade were cruel and u nnecessary acts that have drawn the line between the future Catholics and Jews. But there is no clear evidence on whether the Catholics organized the crusades specifically targeting theJews or it what motivated by the need to rob them their wealth. Amyrec letter shows the catholic Christian’s request for assistance from the western world (France). If the attacks on the Jews originated from the western world, then this doesn’t display the so called a strong tradition of hatred to the Jews communities. If what Ekkehardof Aura witnessed is anything to go by then, it was wrong for very many innocent Jews to be killed on the eyes of the concerned Catholics, with no act to alter the situation, and that so many people were misled into doing injustices and enter into conflicts with strangers whom they had nothing to hold against, whose possessions made them a viable target for greedy and inhuman soldiers. The evidence portrayed by the following authors could install fear, misu nderstanding and hatred among the Jews and the Catholics but it’s not strong enough to claim that there is a tradition for the Jews people. Such claims on the part of the Jews sympathizers will arouse the negative sentiments toward the Christians as the Jews considered them as idolaters and for this reason they had no respect for the Christian’s symbols and religion at large. A large group of soldiers consisting of

Public Schools Sex Ed Teach Abstinence Only Research Paper

Public Schools Sex Ed Teach Abstinence Only - Research Paper Example Sex education got introduced into the American public school curriculum in the late 19th century, and continues to be a prime policy issue for the federal and state governments. The aim of this move by the government is to combat Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and inculcate sexual morality by promoting abstinence. Over time, there has been further formalization of the abstinence agenda in public schools. In fact, only sex education programs that accentuated abstinence used to receive funding from the government, while the comprehensive programs that allowed safe sex with pregnancy prevention methods such as contraception were not funded by the government (Chisara, 2011, p. 23). In the present time, the government funds comprehensive sex education programs that promote safe sex and contraception among school-going children. This essay discusses the reasons why abstinence needs to be taught in public schools. One of the reasons why public schools should teach abstinence to their children is that it the surest way of protecting this future generation from acquiring diseases that would make them unproductive in the future. Avoidance of all forms of sex is the appropriate and effective method of reducing the rates new HIV/AIDS infections among the school going children. In this regard, Knox & Schacht (2010, p. 146) observe that abstinence sex education policies need to be strengthened to reduce the prevalence of STIs in the school-going age population because while the children make up only about 25 per cent of the sexually active people, they acquire approximately half of all new STIs every year (Knox & Schacht, 2010, p. 161). As a consequence, the school goers become less productive as some of them miss classes to seek treatment for STIs in the short-term, while a considerable number of them become unproductive members of

Role of Prosody in Language Acquisition

Role of Prosody in Language Acquisition Discuss the role of prosody (i.e. rhythm and intonation) in language acquisition, from early sound perception to sematic and syntactic development. From muffled sounds heard within the womb to singing our favorite songs by memory, we humans have the astounding ability to acquire language. The remarkable thing is that we are born without full-blown language comprehension and production. How is it then that we steadily progress into competent speakers of our mother tongue? A big part lies in the prosody of our native language. Although babies may not be able to speak, they begin to learn about language prenatally. Given that our auditory system is well developed in the womb, a fetus can process sounds as early as 28 weeks of gestation, according to Fernald in 2001 and Saffran and colleagues in 2006 (as cited in Brooks Kempe, 2012, pg.25). While speech sounds are muffled because the fetus is enclosed within the womb, preventing proper individual phoneme identification, there is still perception of rhythm and intonation (Brooks Kempe, 2012, pg.25). Rhythm and intonation are components of prosody, along with other sound features such as stress, pitch, loudness, and duration (Erekson, 2010, pg.80). Newborns are then able to gain prenatal language experience with sounds made by their mothers and other people close by (Brooks Kempe, 2012, pg.25). Babies even have a preference for sounds that became familiar when they were in the womb. In a study by Mehler and colleagues in 1988 it was found that prenatal expe rience allowed babies to distinguish their native language from a foreign language (Brooks Kempe, 2012, g.28). In their study, which utilized sucking rate, French newborns could tell French sentences apart from Russian sentences, even when the sentences were passed through a low-pass filter to make them sound like they would be heard from within the womb (Brooks Kempe, 2012, pg.28). This study showed that newborn infants are sensitive to prosodic characteristics of language (Brooks Kempe, 2012, pg.28). Prosody has important implications in language acquisition even before an infant is born but also continues to be an essential tool throughout their early years when they begin to engage with more experience speakers. Although infants pay attention to their surroundings and are taking in all the different sounds they hear, they are not the only active participants. When people interact with babies, they do not treat them in the same manner they would treat older children or adults. Instead, they expose them to a very distinct aspect of language known as infant-directed speech (IDS) or â€Å"motherese† (Goswami, 2008, pg.148). This special register helps facilitate language learning because of its exaggerated prosodic nature; this emphasizes the boundaries between words and phrases, thus making segmentation of the speech stream easier for babies (Goswami, 2008, pg.148). According to Karmiloff and Karmiloff-Smith in 2001 baby humans learn the rhythm of their native languages from birth to 2 months of age (as cited in Falk, 2004, pg.495). During this time infants pay special attention to their language input and are particularly interested in IDS, which is characterized by simplified vocabular y, repetition, exaggerated vowels, higher tone, wider range of tone, and a slower tempo (Falk, 2004, pg. 495). These are important differences infants seem particularly sensitive to at young ages when prosody plays such a key in language acquisition. Aside from having characteristics based on the prosody of speech to help infants learn their native languages, IDS seems to be universal; it is seen in all languages in cultures, implying that this prosodic way of speaking serves a developmental purpose (Goswami, 2008, pg. 154). Adults break down the language for babies to understand better, and doing so almost instinctively, showing the intuitiveness prosody has in language comprehension and production. Prosody also helps babies learn a thing or two about syntax early on. According to Levitt in 1993, at 10 months infants start to babble in rhythms that are similar to the prosody of their language structure (as cited in Falk, 2004, pg.496). Karmiloff and Karmiloff-Smith say this may be due to the vocal turn-taking that mothers and their babies engage in, helping the babies learn the â€Å"rule† that conversationalists take turns speaking, as seen in their research in 2001 (as cited in Falk, 2004, pg.496). Snowdon (1990) states that this â€Å"social syntax† may help babies learn other rules that are preliminary to learning syntax, the proper arrangement of elements within sentences (as cited in Falk, 2004, pg.496). IDS therefore helps teach babies syntax through phonological bootstrapping, which is fulfilled by paying attention to the correlations between the prosodic cues of IDS and linguistic categories, according to the works of Burnham et al. in 2002, Gleitman Warn er in 1982, Morgan in 1986 and Morgan Demuth in 1996 (as cited in Falk, 2004, pg.496). An infant’s perception of prosodic cues in relation with linguistic categories is essential to learn about phonology, the boundaries between words or phrases in their native tongue, and syntax (Falk, 2004, pg.496). Prosody not only matters when it comes to learning the music of the first language learned but also seems to help teach other components of the language as well. As infants grow older and gain more experience with language, they continue a path towards language mastery and more complicated language use. While young babies use prosody to help tell words apart, it isn’t until they get older that prosody is fully used to tell syntactic relationships (Speer Ito, 2009, pg.94). However, there is mixed research as to when exactly children begin to use prosody to understand ambiguous sentences (Speer Ito, 2009, pg.94). A study in 2008 by Snedeker and Yuan found that children used prosodic phrasings of sentences to the syntax ‘correctly’ and perform an instrumental action (as cited in Speer Ito, 2009, pg.97-98). In their study they did a toy-moving scenario using sentences, such as ‘You can tap the frog with the flower’, with two disambiguating phrasings (Speer Ito, 2009, pg.97). Regardless of the prosodic phrasing, such as [You can tap the frog] [with the flower] versus [You can tap] [the frog with the flower], re sults showed that the children used the location of prosodic boundaries to interpret the correct syntax of the sentences (Speer Ito, 2009, pg.97). Additionally, prosody seems to help syntactic acquisition early on. In a study in 2014 by Hawthorne and Gerken, it was found that 19 month old infants treated prosodically-grouped words as more cohesive and constituent-like than words that straddled a prosodic boundary (pg.420). Because syntactic constituency, groups of words that serve as cohesive units in sentences, is an important part in the early levels of syntax acquisition, prosody is seen as essential concept in language acquisition as a result (Hawthorne Gerken, 2014, pg.420). Although it may be debatable when syntax development exactly begins, a big puzzle piece to figure it out lies in prosody. Prosody continues to help humans from infancy to childhood not only in the syntax of their language but also the semantics. In a study by Nygaard et al in 2008 it was investigated whether speakers were able to successfully make prosodic correlates to meaning across semantic domains and if they used these cues to interpret meaning of novel words (pg.127). The study showed that listeners were able to match new words with their proper meaning significantly more if the prosody used matched the word correctly (Nygaard et al., 2009, pg.127). With their findings, Nygaard and colleagues were able to support that speech has reliable prosodic markers to word meaning and that listeners use the prosodic cues of words to differentiate their meanings (Nygaard et al., 2009, pg.127). New research is also finding prosody to be an essential component for semantic comprehension and development in children. It was previously suggested that children did not utilize prosody to figure out the meanings of n ew words. This was due to studies like Sasso’s 2003 investigation using children age 4 years old and adults, where she found that the children did not readily use prosodic cues to determine the meaning of a new word like the adults did, even when instructed to do so (Sasso, 2003). However, recently in 2011, Herold and colleagues investigated whether children utilized prosodic correlates to word meaning when interpreting new words (Herold et al., 2011, pg.229). They sought to examine if children would interpret a word spoken in a deep, loud, slow voice as referring to something larger than a word said in a high, quiet, and fast voice (Herold et al., 2011, pg.229). It was found that by 5 years old children were successfully utilizing prosody to interpret meaning (Herold et al., 2011, pg. 236). In addition, there were differences in performances between 4 year old and 5 year old participants, suggesting a developmental change in children’s ability to use prosodic cues to infer meaning (Herold et al., 2011, pg.236). Herold and colleagues believed this may do to 4 year olds not yet able to understand that prosody can be used as a tool for novel word interpretation due to insufficient experience with prosodic information and meaning relations (Herold et al., 2011, pg. 236-237). While semantic development in children does not seem to be fully and effectively utilized before age 5, it seems to be on meet a critical transition at this point after children have a certain amount of exposure to their native language. Many studies in linguistics and psychology demonstrate the multiple roles that prosody plays in the acquisition of language from prenatal infants to adults with fluency of their native language. What begins as sound that catches the interest of prenatal humans steadily becomes sound that serve a purpose in language comprehension. While research continues to explore the implications of prosody, there is no denying that it plays a vital and fundamental part in human language. References Brooks, P., Kempe, V. (2012). Language Development (pp. xv-383). Chichester: BPS Blackwell. Erekson, J. (2010). Prosody and Interpretation. Reading Horizons, 50(2), 80-98. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/reading_horizons/vol50/iss2/3 Falk, D. (2004). Prelinguistic Evolution in Early Hominins: Whence Motherese? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 27(4), 491-541. Retrieved April 23, 2015, from http://journals.cambridge.org.ezp.lib.rochester.edu/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=onlineaid=276842fileId=S0140525X04000111 Goswami, U. (2008). Cognitive Development: The Learning Brain (p. 457). Hove: Psychology Press. Hawthorne, K., Gerken, L. (2014). From pauses to clauses: Prosody facilitates learning of syntactic constituency. Cognition, 133(2), 420-428. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.07.013 Herold, D., Nygaard, L., Chicos, K., Namy, L. (2011). The developing role of prosody in novel word interpretation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 108(2), 229-241. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.09.005 Nygaard, L., Herold, D., Namy, L. (2009). The Semantics of Prosody: Acoustic and Perceptual Evidence of Prosodic Correlates to Word Meaning. Cognitive Science, 33(1), 127-146. doi:10.1111/j.1551-6709.2008.01007.x Sasso, D. S. (2003). The developing role of prosody in novel word comprehension. (Order No. 1413020, Emory University). ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 46-46 p. Retrieved April 24, 2015, from http://search.proquest.com/docview/250019098?accountid=13567 Speer, S., Ito, K. (2009). Prosody in First Language Acquisition Acquiring Intonation as a Tool to Organize Information in Conversation. Language and Linguistics Compass, 3(1), 90-110. Retrieved April 24, 2015, from http://linguistics.osu.edu/files/Publication-Prosody in First Language Acquisition.pdf